Table of Contents

20th century
21st century
Statistics
Launches by decade
Mission milestones by country
Missions by organization/company
Landing sites
Future missions
Funded and are under development
Proposed but full funding still unclear
Lunar rovers
Unrealized concepts
1960s
1970s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
Notes
References
External links

List of missions to the Moon

The Soviet Luna programme was the first successful lunar programme, its Luna 1 (1959) being the first partially successful lunar mission

The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3 (1959)

Missions to the Moon have been numerous and represent some of the earliest endeavours in space missions, with continuous exploration of the Moon beginning in 1959.

The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 in January 1959, which became the first probe to escape Earth's gravity and perform a flyby of another astronomical body, passing near the Moon. Soon after, the first Moon landing—and the first landing on any extraterrestrial body—was carried out by Luna 2, which intentionally impacted the Moon on 14 September 1959. The far side of the Moon, permanently hidden from Earth due to tidal locking, was imaged for the first time by Luna 3 on 7 October 1959, revealing terrain never before seen.

Significant advances continued throughout the 1960s. In 1966, Luna 9 achieved the first controlled soft landing on the lunar surface, followed later that year by Luna 10, the first spacecraft to enter orbit around the Moon. In 1968, the Zond 5 mission became the first to carry terrestrial lifeforms—specifically tortoises—on a circumlunar approach that brought them close to the Moon and returned them safely to Earth, demonstrating biological viability in deep space.

The first crewed missions to the Moon were undertaken by the Soviet Union and the United States, forming the pinnacle of the Space Race. While the Soviet programme pivoted toward robotic sample return missions, the American Apollo program advanced through a sequence of increasingly complex missions. In December 1968, Apollo 8 became the first crewed spacecraft to orbit the Moon. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 accomplished the first crewed landing on the lunar surface, during which Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon. Concurrently, the Soviet Luna 15 robotic mission was also orbiting the Moon, marking the first known instance of simultaneous extraterrestrial operations by different nations.

Between 1969 and 1972, the United States carried out six successful Apollo landings, while the Soviet Union continued deploying uncrewed probes, including the Lunokhod programme—the first extraterrestrial rovers—and sample return missions through 1976. Following this period, there was a gap in dedicated lunar missions lasting until 1990. Since then, renewed interest in lunar exploration has seen additional missions conducted by a broader range of spacefaring entities. In chronological order following the Soviet Union and the United States, the Moon has been visited by Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, and Pakistan.

In 2018, the far side of the Moon was targeted for the first time by a landing mission. On 3 January 2019, China's Chang'e 4 mission successfully landed in the Aitken basin, deploying the Yutu-2 rover, which commenced scientific operations on the unexplored lunar hemisphere. Five years later, China launched the Chang'e 6 sample return mission to the far side. Its lander touched down in Apollo crater on 1 June 2024 and collected the first lunar samples retrieved from the Moon's far hemisphere.

The first commercial mission to the Moon was the Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (4M), developed by LuxSpace, a subsidiary of the German aerospace company OHB AG, Launched on 23 October 2014 with the mission flying as a secondary payload aboard CNSA's Chang'e 5-T1 spacecraft.

The Moon has also been visited by a small number of spacecraft not dedicated to lunar study. Of these, four executed flybys using the Moon for gravity assist manoeuvres to alter their interplanetary trajectories. In addition, Explorer 49, a radio astronomy satellite launched by the United States in 1973, was placed into selenocentric orbit where the Moon itself served as a shield from terrestrial radio interference, enabling observations of deep-space radio signals.

20th century

⚀ Cubesat or similar

MissionLaunch dateOperatorCarrier rocketSpacecraftMission typeOutcome
1Pioneer 0 (Able I) USAFThor DM-18 Able IPioneer 0Orbiter
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion. Reached apogee of 16km.
2Luna E-1 No.1 OKB-1LunaLuna E-1 No.1Impactor
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.
3Pioneer 1 (Able II) NASAThor DM-18 Able IPioneer 1Orbiter
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1. Reached apogee of 113800km.
4Luna E-1 No.2 OKB-1LunaLuna E-1 No.2Impactor
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.
5Pioneer 2 (Able III) NASAThor DM-18 Able IPioneer 2Orbiter
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection. Reached apogee of 1550km.
6Luna E-1 No.3 OKB-1LunaLuna E-1 No.3Impactor
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.
7Pioneer 3 NASAJuno IIPioneer 3Flyby
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff. Reached apogee of 102360km.
8Luna 1 (E-1 No.4) OKB-1LunaLuna 1Impactor
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit. Closest approach 5995km on 4 January. First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
9Pioneer 4 NASAJuno IIPioneer 4Flyby
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58983km of distance. Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.
10E-1A No.1 OKB-1LunaE-1A No.1Impactor
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.
11Luna 2 (E-1A No.2) OKB-1LunaLuna 2Impactor
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to impact the lunar surface. This made the Soviet Union the 1st country to impact the surface of the Moon.
12Luna 3 (E-2A No.1) OKB-1LunaLuna 3Flyby
Returned the first images of the far side of the Moon.
13Pioneer P-3 Able IVB NASAAtlas-D AblePioneer P-3Orbiter
Failed to orbit; payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.
14Luna E-3 No.1 OKB-1LunaLuna E-3 No.1Flyby
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.
15Luna E-3 No.2 OKB-1LunaLuna E-3 No.2Flyby
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.
16Pioneer P-30 (Able VA) NASAAtlas-D AblePioneer P-30Orbiter
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.
17Pioneer P-31 (Able VB) NASAAtlas-D AblePioneer P-31Orbiter
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2km. Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.
18Ranger 3 (P-34) NASAAtlas LV-3 Agena-BRanger 3Impactor
Ranger 3 landerLander
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36793km.
19Ranger 4 (P-35) NASARanger 4Atlas LV-3 Agena-BImpactor
Ranger 4 landerLander
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon. The impact made the United States the 2nd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
20Ranger 5 (P-36) NASAAtlas LV-3 Agena-BRanger 5Impactor
Ranger 5 landerLander
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed hours after launch when batteries were depleted. Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.
21Luna E-6 No.2 OKB-1Molniya-LLuna E-6 No.2Lander
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit; guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.
22Luna E-6 No.3 OKB-1Molniya-LLuna E-6 No.3Lander
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.
23Luna 4 (E-6 No.4) OKB-1Molniya-LLuna 4Lander
Failed to perform mid-course correction, remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.
24Ranger 6 (P-54) NASAAtlas LV-3 Agena-BRanger 6Impactor
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.
25Luna E-6 No.6 OKB-1Molniya-MLuna E-6 No.6Lander
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.
26Luna E-6 No.5 OKB-1Molniya-MLuna E-6 No.5Lander
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.
27Ranger 7 NASAAtlas LV-3 Agena-BRanger 7Impactor
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.
28Ranger 8 NASAAtlas LV-3 Agena-BRanger 8Impactor
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.
29Kosmos 60 (E-6 No.9) LavochkinMolniya-LKosmos 60Lander
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit, Failed to depart low Earth orbit.
30Ranger 9 NASAAtlas LV-3 Agena-BRanger 9Impactor
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.
31Luna E-6 No.8 LavochkinMolniya-LLuna E-6 No.8Lander
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.
32Luna 5 (E-6 No.10) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 5Lander
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction, failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.
33Luna 6 (E-6 No.7) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 6Lander
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre, flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.
34Zond 3 (3MV-4 No.3) LavochkinMolniyaZond 3Flyby
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9200km. Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.
35Luna 7 (E-6 No.11) LavochkinMolniyaLuna 7Lander
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.
36Luna 8 (E-6 No.12) LavochkinMolniyaLuna 8Lander
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown, impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.
37Luna 9 (E-6 No.13) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 9Lander
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC. Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC. With its soft landing, the Soviet Union became the first country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
38Kosmos 111 (E-6S No.204) LavochkinMolniya-MKosmos 111Orbiter
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite; spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.
39Luna 10 (E-6S No.206) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 10Orbiter
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon. Continued to return data until 30 May.
40Surveyor 1 NASAAtlas LV-3C Centaur-DSurveyor 1Lander
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC. Returned data until loss of power on 13 July. With its soft landing, the United States became the second country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
41Explorer 33 (AIMP-D) NASADelta E1Explorer 33Orbiter
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit. Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.
42Lunar Orbiter 1 NASAAtlas SLV-3 Agena-DLunar Orbiter 1Orbiter
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.
43Luna 11 (E-6LF No.101) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 11Orbiter
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly. Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.
44Surveyor 2 NASAAtlas LV-3C Centaur-DSurveyor 2Lander
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control. Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.
45Luna 12 (E-6LF No.102) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 12Orbiter
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967. Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.
46Lunar Orbiter 2 NASAAtlas SLV-3 Agena-DLunar Orbiter 2Orbiter
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.
47Luna 13 (E-6M No.205) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 13Lander
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966. Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil. Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.
48Lunar Orbiter 3 NASAAtlas SLV-3 Agena-DLunar Orbiter 3Orbiter
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.
49Surveyor 3 NASAAtlas LV-3C Centaur-DSurveyor 3Lander
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May. Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.
50Lunar Orbiter 4 NASAAtlas SLV-3 Agena-DLunar Orbiter 4Orbiter
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.
51Surveyor 4 NASAAtlas LV-3C Centaur-DSurveyor 4Lander
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing. NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.
52Explorer 35
(AIMP-E)		 NASADelta E1Explorer 35
(AIMP-E)		Orbiter
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973. Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.
53Lunar Orbiter 5 NASAAtlas SLV-3 Agena-DLunar Orbiter 5Orbiter
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.
54Surveyor 5 NASAAtlas SLV-3C Centaur-DSurveyor 5Lander
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.
55Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L LavochkinProton-K/DSoyuz 7K-L1 No.4LFlyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.
56Surveyor 6 NASAAtlas SLV-3C Centaur-DSurveyor 6Lander
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November. Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4m. Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.
57Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L LavochkinProton-K/DSoyuz 7K-L1 No.5LFlyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.
58Surveyor 7 NASASurveyor 7Lander
Final Surveyor mission. Landed 29km from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.
59Luna E-6LS No.112 LavochkinMolniya-MLuna E-6LS No.112Orbiter
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.
60Luna 14 (E-6LS No.113) LavochkinMolniya-MLuna 14Orbiter
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.
61Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L LavochkinProton-K/DSoyuz 7K-L1 No.7LFlyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.
62Zond 5 (7K-L1 No.9L) LavochkinProton-K/DZond 5Flyby
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1950km on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.
63Zond 6 (7K-L1 No.12L) LavochkinProton-K/DZond 6Flyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2420km. Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.
64Apollo 8 NASASaturn VApollo 8Crewed orbiter
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon and presented a reading from the Book of Genesis before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.
65Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L LavochkinProton-K/DSoyuz 7K-L1 No.13LFlyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.
66Luna E-8 No.201 LavochkinProton-K/DLuna E-8 No.201Lander
LunokhodRover
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.
67Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 OKB-1N1Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3Orbiter
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50km from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35km from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.
68Apollo 10 NASASaturn VApollo 10Orbiter
Lunar Module SnoopyOrbiter
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326km above the lunar surface.
69Luna E-8-5 No.402 LavochkinProton-K/DLuna E-8-5 No.402Lander
Luna E-8-5 No.402 return craftSample Return
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.
70Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 OKB-1N1Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5Orbiter
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2km from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.
71Luna 15 (E-8-5 No.401) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 15Lander
Luna 15 return craftSample Return
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.
72Apollo 11 NASASaturn VApollo 11Orbiter
Lunar Module EagleLander/Launch Vehicle
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
73Zond 7 (7K-L1 No.11L) LavochkinProton-K/DZond 7Flyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1200km; returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.
74Kosmos 300 (E-8-5 No.403) LavochkinProton-K/DKosmos 300Lander
Kosmos 300 return craftSample return
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidizer leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.
75Kosmos 305 (E-8-5 No.404) LavochkinProton-K/DKosmos 305Lander
Kosmos 305 return craftSample Return
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.
76Apollo 12 NASASaturn VApollo 12Orbiter
Lunar Module IntrepidLander/Launch Vehicle
Second crewed lunar landing.
77Luna E-8-5 No.405 LavochkinProton-K/DLuna E-8-5 No.405Lander
Luna E-8-5 No.405 return craftSample return
Failed to orbit
78Apollo 13 NASASaturn VApollo 13Orbiter
Lunar Module AquariusLander/Launch Vehicle
Rescue mission
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
79Luna 16 (E-8-5 No.406) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 16Lander
Luna 16 return craftSample return
First robotic sampling mission.
80Zond 8 (7K-L1 No.14L) LavochkinProton-K/DZond 8Flyby
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
81Luna 17 (E-8 No.203) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 17Lander
Lunokhod 1Rover
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
82Apollo 14 NASASaturn VApollo 14Orbiter
Lunar Module AntaresLander/Launch Vehicle
Third crewed lunar landing.
83Apollo 15 NASASaturn VApollo 15Orbiter
Lunar Module FalconLander/Launch Vehicle
Lunar Roving VehicleRover
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
84PFS-1 NASASaturn VPFS-1Orbiter
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
85Luna 18 (E-8-5 No.407) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 18Lander
Luna 18 return craftSample return
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
86Luna 19 (E-8LS No.202) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 19Orbiter
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
87Luna 20 (E-8-5 No.408) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 20Lander
Luna 20 return craftSample return
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
88Apollo 16 NASASaturn VApollo 16Orbiter
Lunar Module OrionLander/Launch Vehicle
Lunar Roving VehicleRover
5th crewed lunar landing.
89PFS-2 NASASaturn VPFS-2Orbiter
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
90Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 OKB-1N1Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1Orbiter
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
91Apollo 17 NASASaturn VApollo 17Orbiter
Lunar Module ChallengerLander/Launch Vehicle
Lunar Roving VehicleRover
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
92Luna 21 (E-8 No.204) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 21Lander
Lunokhod 2Rover
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
93Explorer 49 (RAE-B) NASADelta 1913Explorer 49Orbiter
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
94Mariner 10 NASAAtlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AMariner 10Flyby
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
95Luna 22 (E-8LS No.206) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 22Orbiter
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
96Luna 23 (E-8-5M No.410) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 23Lander
Luna 23 return craftSample Return
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
97Luna E-8-5M No.412 LavochkinProton-K/DLuna E-8-5M No.412Lander
Luna E-8-5M No.412 return craftSample Return
Failed to orbit.
98Luna 24 (E-8-5M No.413) LavochkinProton-K/DLuna 24Lander
Luna 24 return craftSample Return
Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered hours later. Returned 170.1g of lunar regolith. Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
99ISEE-3 (ICE/Explorer 59) NASADelta 2914ISEE-3Flyby
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
100Hiten (MUSES-A) ISASMu-3S-IIHitenOrbiter
HagoromoOrbiter
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993. Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
101Geotail ISAS/NASADelta II 6925GeotailFlyby
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
102WIND NASADelta II 7925-10WINDFlyby
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
103Clementine (DSPSE) USAF/NASATitan II (23)G Star-37FMClementineOrbiter
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
104HGS-1 HughesProton-K/DM3HGS-1Flyby
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
105Lunar Prospector (Discovery 3) NASAAthena IILunar ProspectorOrbiter
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
106Nozomi (PLANET-B) ISASM-VNozomiFlyby
Two flybys en route to Mars.

21st century

⚀ Cubesat or similar

MissionLaunch dateOperatorCarrier rocketSpacecraftMission typeOutcome
107WMAP NASADelta II 7425-10WMAPFlyby
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
108SMART-1
23px
ESA		Ariane 5GSMART-1Orbiter
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made the ESA member states collectively the 4th to impact the surface of the Moon.
109STEREO NASADelta II 7925-10LSTEREO AFlyby
STEREO BFlyby
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
110ARTEMIS NASADelta II 7925ARTEMIS P1Orbiter
ARTEMIS P2Orbiter
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
111SELENE JAXAH-IIA 2022KaguyaOrbiter
OkinaOrbiter
OunaOrbiter
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission. Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009 but remains in selenocentric orbit.
112Chang'e 1 CNSALong March 3AChang'e 1Orbiter
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 4th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
113Chandrayaan-122 October 2008 ISROPSLV-XL C11Chandrayaan-1Orbiter
Moon Impact ProbeImpactor
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon. Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the 5th nation to impact the lunar surface and 6th as an agency.
114LRO & LCROSS NASAAtlas V 401Lunar Reconnaissance OrbiterOrbiter
LCROSSImpactor
LCROSS observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30. LRO entered orbit on June 23, 2009.
115Chang'e 2 CNSALong March 3CChang'e 2Orbiter
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point and subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis for a close encounter with the asteroid at a distance of 3.2 kilometers and a relative velocity of 10.73 km/s.
116GRAIL NASADelta II 7920HEbb (GRAIL-A)Orbiter
Flow (GRAIL-B)Orbiter
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.
117LADEE NASAMinotaur VLADEEOrbiter
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
118Chang'e 3 CNSALong March 3BChang'e 3Lander
YutuRover
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3. With its soft landing, China became the third country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
119Chang'e 5-T1 CNSALong March 3CChang'e 5-T1Orbiter
Chang'e 5-T1 Return CapsuleOrbiter
LuxSpaceManfred Memorial Moon MissionFlyby / Impactor (post mission)
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity. Orbiter may still be in lunar orbit. Manfred Memorial Moon Mission attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
120TESS NASAFalcon 9 Full ThrustTESSFlyby
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.
121Queqiao CNSALong March 4CQueqiao relay satelliteRelay Satellite
Longjiang-1Orbiter
Longjiang-2Orbiter
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit, while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface. Queqiao entered designated Earth–Moon orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
122Chang'e 4 CNSALong March 3BChang'e 4Lander
Yutu-2Rover
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover. Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.
123Beresheet SpaceILFalcon 9BeresheetLander
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector. Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase. The impact made Israel the 7th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
124Chandrayaan-2 ISROLVM3Chandrayaan-2 OrbiterOrbiter
VikramLander
PragyanRover
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.
125Chang'e 523 November 2020 CNSALong March 5Chang'e 5 OrbiterOrbiter
Chang'e 5 LanderLander
Chang'e 5 AscenderLaunch Vehicle
Chang'e 5 ReturnerSample Return
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.
126CAPSTONE28 June 2022 NASAElectron⚀ CAPSTONEOrbiter
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
127Danuri4 August 2022 KARIFalcon 9DanuriOrbiter
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
128Artemis I16 November 2022 NASASLS Block 1Artemis I Orion MPCV CM-002Orbiter
⚀ LunaH-MapOrbiter
⚀ Lunar IceCubeOrbiter
⚀ CubeSat for Solar ParticlesFlyby
⚀ Near-Earth Asteroid ScoutFlyby
⚀ BioSentinelFlyby
JAXA⚀ OMOTENASHILander
ASI⚀ ArgoMoonFlybys
JAXA⚀ EQUULEUSFlybys
Lockheed Martin⚀ LunIRFlyby
Fluid & Reason⚀ Team MilesFlyby
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
129Hakuto-R Mission 111 December 2022 ispaceFalcon 9 Block 5Hakuto-RLander
Tomy/JAXA/DodaiSORA-QRover
UAESA/MBRSCRashidRover
NASA⚀ Lunar FlashlightOrbiter
Lunar lander technology demonstration. Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system., Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid was a small rover demonstration. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to impact the surface of the Moon. Lunar Flashlight initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis I mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.
130Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer14 April 2023
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ESA		Ariane 5 ECAJupiter Icy Moons ExplorerFlyby
Flew by the Moon on 19 August 2024 en route to Jupiter.
131Chandrayaan-314 July 2023 ISROLVM3Chandrayaan-3
landerLanderVikram lander
RoverPragyan rover
Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC and deployed the Pragyan rover. With its soft landing, India became the first country to successfully land near lunar south pole and fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned to Earth's orbit.
132Luna 2510 August 2023 RoscosmosSoyuz-2.1b/FregatLuna 25Lander
Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to impact the lunar surface.
133SLIM6 September 2023 JAXAH-IIASLIMLander
LEV-1Hopper
Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha UniversityLEV-2 (Sora-Q)Rover
Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Performed lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital insertion on 25 December 2023. SLIM landed intact and within 100 m of its target on 19 January 2024, 15:20 UTC, which met JAXA's criteria for a successful landing. However, it had landed with incorrect attitude to orient solar panels towards the Sun, which led to temporary power loss until the Sun was in the right position. LEV-1 and LEV-2 were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing. LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface. With its soft landing, Japan became the fifth country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
134Peregrine Mission One8 January 2024 Astrobotic TechnologyVulcan Centaur VC2PeregrineLander
UNAMColmena × 5Rovers
CMU⚀ IrisRover
Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for landing and it decayed in the Earth's atmosphere 10 days later.
135IM-114 February 2024 Intuitive MachinesFalcon 9 B5Nova-C OdysseusLander
ERAU⚀ EagleCamDeployable camera
First Nova-C mission. First private spacecraft to soft land on the Moon. Payloads successfully delivered for NASA CLPS and for private customers. Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected. EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on 28 February but minimal data was obtained.
136DRO A/B13 March 2024 CASLong March 2CDRO-ARelay Satellite
DRO-BRelay Satellite
Yuanzheng 1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to test Distant retrograde orbit. Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.
137Queqiao-220 March 2024 CNSALong March 8Queqiao-2Relay Satellite
Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL, Tiandu Lab)Tiandu-1Orbiter
Tiandu-2Orbiter
Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region. Tiandu satellites are launched with them to test communications for future lunar satellite constellation technologies.
138Chang'e 63 May 2024 CNSALong March 5Chang'e 6 OrbiterOrbiter
Chang'e 6 LanderLander
Chang'e 6 AscenderLaunch Vehicle
Chang'e 6 ReturnerSample Return
JinchanRover
SUPARCO⚀ ICUBE-QOrbiter
First spacecraft to have collected lunar samples from the far side of the Moon (Apollo crater, South Pole–Aitken basin). ICUBE-Q is Pakistan's first lunar mission. Lander carries international payloads from ESA, France, Italy, and Sweden. It also carried a mini rover to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface. The orbiter went to Sun Earth L2 under mission extension.
139Blue Ghost M115 January 2025 Firefly AerospaceFalcon 9 B5Blue Ghost LanderLander
Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium. First fully-successful private lunar landing.
140Hakuto-R Mission 215 January 2025ispaceFalcon 9 B5Hakuto-RLander
ispace EuropeTenaciousRover
colspan = "6Launched on the same rocket as Blue Ghost. On 5 June 2025, the lander failed to complete its landing, impacting the lunar surface.
141Lunar Trailblazer27 February 2025 NASAFalcon 9 B5Lunar TrailblazerOrbiter
Lunar orbiter aimed to aid in the understanding of lunar water and the Moon's water cycle. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
142Brokkr-227 February 2025 AstroForgeFalcon 9 B5Brokkr-2Flyby
Asteroid probe intended to flyby the near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5. Communication failure. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
143Chimera-127 February 2025 Epic AerospaceFalcon 9 B5Chimera-1Flyby
Space tug planned TLI to Geosynchronous. Communication failure?. Flyby on 3 March 2025.
144IM-227 February 2025 Intuitive MachinesFalcon 9 B5Nova-CLander
μNovaHopper
Lunar Outpost/ NokiaMAPPRover
MITAstroAntRover
DymonYaokiRover
Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers. MAPP and μNova will test a new Nokia lunar communication system. Lander achieved a soft landing on 6 March but landed on its side, precluding recharging and deployment of payloads. Mission concluded one day after landing.

Statistics

Launches by decade

This is a list of 144 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

Mission milestones by country

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.






† First to achieve

United StatesPioneer 4, 1959Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966Ranger 4, 1962Surveyor 1, 1966LRV (Apollo 15), 1971Apollo 11, 1969 †Apollo 8, 1968 †Apollo 11, 1969 †
Soviet UnionLuna 1, 1959 †Luna 10, 1966 †Luna 2, 1959 †Luna 9, 1966 †Lunokhod 1, 1970 †Luna 16, 1970——
ChinaChang'e 5-T1, 2014Chang'e 1, 2007Chang'e 1, 2009Chang'e 3, 2013Yutu, 2013Chang'e 5, 2020——
IndiaChandrayaan 3, 2023Chandrayaan 1, 2008MIP, 2008Chandrayaan 3, 2023Pragyan, 2023———
JapanHiten, 1990Hiten, 1993Hiten, 1993SLIM, 2024LEV-1, 2024———
Israel—Beresheet, 2019Beresheet, 2019Beresheet, 2019————
Russia—Luna 25, 2023Luna 25, 2023Luna 25, 2023————
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ESA		—SMART-1, 2003SMART-1, 2006—————
Luxembourg4M, 2014—4M, 2022—————
South Korea—Danuri, 2022——————
ItalyArgoMoon, 2022———————
UAE——Rashid, 2023—Rashid, 2023———
Pakistan—ICUBE-Q, 2024——————
Mexico————Colmena, 2024———

Missions by organization/company

USSRLavochkin1622240%–4058
Energia2–1611.11%–18
NASA3721467.27%45557
USAF1–150%–2
🇨🇳CNSA10––100%81010
🇯🇵ISAS2–250%–48
JAXA2–166.6%14
🇮🇳ISRO21–66.6%233
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Various member states		ESA1––100%–11
🇱🇺LuxSpace1––100%–11
South KoreaKARI1––100%111
(private company)Lockheed Martin1––100%–11
(private company)Fluid & Reason1––100%–11
(private company)Astrobotic Technology––10%–11
(private company)Intuitive Machines11–50%–22
(private university)ERAU––10%–11
(private company)Firefly Aerospace1––100%–11
ItalyASI1––100%–11
🇮🇱SpaceIL––10%–11
RussiaRoscosmos––10%–11
UAEUAESA––10%–11
🇯🇵 (private company)ispace––10%–11
🇵🇰IST / SUPARCO1––100%111

Landing sites

Image
AltMap of landing sites on the Moon
Captionstyletext-align:left;
CaptionClickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the near side of the Moon to date (top) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed. Asterisk indicates a partial success.

As of March 2025, there have been a total twenty eight successful soft landings on the Moon carried out by five countries that include China, India, Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Among these, a total of six soft landings were crewed (Apollo) conducted by United States. All two soft landings on the far side of the Moon were carried out by China, while soft landing near the lunar south pole was carried out by India's Chandrayaan-3 and Intuitive Machines' IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus and IM-2 Nova-C Athena lander.

Future missions

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organizations.

Funded and are under development

Robotic

MissionSpacecraftLaunch dateCarrier rocketOperatorMission type
Mark 1 Pathfinder MissionBlue MoonNET Q1 2026New Glenn Blue OriginLander
First mission for the Blue Moon lander platform developed by Blue Origin and will prove the viability of the platform and BE-7 engine. It has a cargo capacity of up to 3000 kg.
Blue Ghost M2Blue Ghost landerNET Q2 2026Falcon 9 B5 Firefly AerospaceLander
Elytra orbital vehicleOrbiter
Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar PathfinderLunar PathfinderNET Q2 2026Falcon 9 B5
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ESA		Relay Satellite
Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions, along with Blue Ghost M2.
Griffin Mission 1Griffin landerNET July 2026Falcon Heavy Astrobotic TechnologyLander
Chang'e 7Chang'e 7 OrbiterOctober 2026Long March 5 CNSAOrbiter
Chang'e 7 LanderLander
Chang'e 7 RoverRover
Chang'e 7 HopperHopper
Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.
IM-3Nova-CNET late 2026Falcon 9 B5 Intuitive MachinesLander
Khon2Relay Satellite
CADRE x3 NASARovers
Lunar Vertex NASA Lunar OutpostRover
Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers. Lunar Vertex mission.
Starship Demo missionStarship HLSTBDStarship SpaceXLander
Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
Artemis III Starship HLS deliveryStarship HLSTBDStarship SpaceXLander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis III mission.
APEX 1.0APEX 1.02026TBD ispace U.S. DraperLander
Lunar Relay Satellite 1 ispace U.S. Blue Canyon TechnologiesRelay Satellite
Lunar Relay Satellite 2Relay Satellite
Lunar lander. ispace Mission 3, and mission CP-12 of the CLPS program.
Starship cargo missionStarship HLSTBDStarship SpaceXLander
First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEXFLEXTBDStarship AstrolabRover
Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3TBA2026Falcon Heavy AstroboticLander
⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRoverRover
Lunaris PlatformDeployable platform
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
ZeusXZeusX service moduleQ4 2027TBD QosmosysOrbiter
ZeusX lunar landerLander
LIBERRover
First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Luna 26Luna 262027Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat RoscosmosOrbiter
Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme. Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
PPE and HALOPPE2027Falcon Heavy NASA Northrop GrummanSpace station assembly
HALO
First two Lunar Gateway modules.
Chandrayaan-4Chandrayaan-42027–2028LVM3 ISROLander
Luna 27Luna 27A and Luna 27B2029–2030Angara A5 / Fregat RoscosmosLander
Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
DESTINY+DESTINY+2028H3 JAXAFlyby
Lunar flyby(unconfirmed) toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon.
Chang'e 8Chang'e 8 Orbiter2028Long March 5 CNSAOrbiter
Chang'e 8 LanderLander
Chang'e 8 RoverRover
Chang'e 8 RobotHopper
South pole lander. Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.
SpaceX GLS-1Dragon XL2028Falcon Heavy SpaceXResupply vehicle
First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo missionBlue Moon HLS2028New Glenn Blue OriginLander
Cislunar Transporter2028New Glenn Lockheed MartinTransfer vehicle
Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis IV Starship HLS deliveryStarship HLS2028Starship SpaceXLander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis IV mission.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)LUPEX lander2028–2029H3 ISROLander
LUPEX rover JAXARover
Artemis V Blue Moon HLS deliveryBlue Moon HLS2029New Glenn Blue OriginLander
Cislunar Transporter2029New Glenn Lockheed MartinTransfer vehicle
Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis V mission.
Canadian lunar rover missionCanadensys Lunar Rover2029TBD Canadensys CSARover
First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative with Blue Ghost 4.
TBD (CLPS Lander)Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)2029–2030TBD Australian Space AgencyRover
Argonaut M1Argonaut Lander2031Ariane 64
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ESA		Lander
Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.
KLEPKLLR LanderNET NET 2032KSLV-III KARILander
KLLR RoverRover
Second mission of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program.
Lunar Voyage 3MappTBATBA Lunar OutpostRover
First fully commercial mission of Lunar Outpost MAPP program.

Crewed

Agency or companyNameSpacecraftLaunch dateLaunch vehicleNotes
NASA CSAArtemis IIOrionFebruary 2026SLS Block 1Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
NASAArtemis IIIOrion, Starship HLSmid-2027SLS Block 1Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
NASAArtemis IVOrion, Starship HLSSeptember 2028SLS Block 1BFirst flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver Lunar I-Hab and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
NASAArtemis VOrion, Blue Moon HLSMarch 2030SLS Block 1BCrewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
CNSAChinese crewed lunar missionMengzhou,
Lanyue		~2030Long March 10Two launches of LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.
NASAArtemis VIOrion, TBDMarch 2031SLS Block 1BLunar landing with delivery of Crew and Science Airlock module.

Proposed but full funding still unclear

Robotic and crewed

The following missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear:

Agency or companyMissionName of spacecraftProposed launchNotes
GEC⚀ Doge-1TBA12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canadian lunar mission.
SpaceILBeresheet 2Orbiter2025One orbiter, two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
AirvantisGaratéa-L2025Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
OHB IAILSAS lander2025proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
ParsecParsec lunar satellites2025Parsec lunar communication constellation.
Turkish Space AgencyAYAP-12026Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
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ESA		Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer2026Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
Australian Space AgencyLunar Trailblazer2026Under study for possible rover mission
Delft University of TechnologyLunar zebro2026Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
Turkish Space AgencyAYAP-2Lander2028Soft landing mission
Rover
RoscosmosLuna 282030Proposed sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include a small rover.
RoscosmosLuna 29Luna 29 Lander2030sProposed sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
Luna-Grunt rover
RoscosmosZeus2030Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
CNSA RoscosmosInternational Lunar Research Station
(ILRS 1–5)		2031–20355 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
ISROIndian Lunar Crewed Mission~2040National effort to send an Indian astronaut to the moon using India's own rocket and technology
NASABOLASTBD2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.
Magellan AerospaceAutonomous Impactor for Lunar ExplorationTBDImpactor for LEAP
NASALunar Crater Radio TelescopeTBDRadio telescope made by 4 rovers
LiftPort GroupLunar space elevatorTBDCreating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
ESC AerospaceLVICE²TBDMeasuring the concentration of micrometeorites

Lunar rovers

See List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies.

Unrealized concepts

1960s


1970s


2000s


2010s


2020s


See also


Notes

References


External links



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Moon